@charset "iso-8859-1";
/*
-----------------------------------------------
bepress Publication-Level ir-custom.css
Author:   bepress
Version:  February 1, 2017
PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THIS FILE 
----------------------------------------------- */

/* 8.2 Slideshows & Carousels */
/*
 * slippry v1.3.1 - Responsive content slider for jQuery
 * http://slippry.com
 * Released under the MIT license - http://opensource.org/licenses/MI */
 
/* kenBurns animations, very basic */
@-webkit-keyframes left-right {
  0% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%); }
  100% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%); } }
@-moz-keyframes left-right {
  0% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%); }
  100% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%); } }
@-ms-keyframes left-right {
  0% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%); }
  100% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%); } }
@keyframes left-right {
  0% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%); }
  100% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%); } }
@-webkit-keyframes right-left {
  0% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%); }
  100% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%); } }
@-moz-keyframes right-left {
  0% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%); }
  100% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%); } }
@-ms-keyframes right-left {
  0% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%); }
  100% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%); } }
@keyframes right-left {
  0% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%);
    transform: translateY(0%) translateX(10%); }
  100% {
    -moz-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -ms-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    -webkit-transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%);
    transform: translateY(-20%) translateX(-10%); } }
    
/* added to the original element calling slippry */



.sy-box.sy-loading {
  background: url("/assets/images/loader.gif") 50% 50% no-repeat;
  -moz-background-size: 32px;
  -o-background-size: 32px;
  -webkit-background-size: 32px;
  background-size: 32px;
  min-height: 40px; }
  .sy-box.sy-loading .sy-slides-wrap, .sy-box.sy-loading .sy-pager {
    visibility: hidden; }

/* element that wraps the slides */
.sy-slides-wrap {
  position: relative;
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%; }
  .sy-slides-wrap:hover .sy-controls {
    display: block; }

/* element that crops the visible area to the slides */
.sy-slides-crop {
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%;
  position: absolute;
  overflow: hidden; }

/* list containing the slides */
.sy-list {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  position: absolute; }
  .sy-list.horizontal {
    -moz-transition: left ease;
    -o-transition: left ease;
    -webkit-transition: left ease;
    transition: left ease; }
  .sy-list.vertical {
    -moz-transition: top ease;
    -o-transition: top ease;
    -webkit-transition: top ease;
    transition: top ease; }

/* single slide */
.sy-slide {
  position: absolute;
  width: 100%;
  z-index: 2; }
  .sy-slide.kenburns {
    width: 140%;
    left: -20%; }
    .sy-slide.kenburns.useCSS {
      -moz-transition-property: opacity;
      -o-transition-property: opacity;
      -webkit-transition-property: opacity;
      transition-property: opacity; }
      .sy-slide.kenburns.useCSS.sy-ken:nth-child(1n) {
        -webkit-animation-name: left-right;
        -webkit-animation-fill-mode: forwards;
        -moz-animation-name: left-right;
        -moz-animation-fill-mode: forwards;
        -o-animation-name: left-right;
        -o-animation-fill-mode: forwards;
        animation-name: left-right;
        animation-fill-mode: forwards; }
      .sy-slide.kenburns.useCSS.sy-ken:nth-child(2n) {
        -webkit-animation-name: right-left;
        -webkit-animation-fill-mode: forwards;
        -moz-animation-name: right-left;
        -moz-animation-fill-mode: forwards;
        -o-animation-name: right-left;
        -o-animation-fill-mode: forwards;
        animation-name: right-left;
        animation-fill-mode: forwards; }
  .sy-slide.sy-active {
    z-index: 3; }
  .sy-slide > img {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    display: block;
    width: 100%;
    border: 0; }
  .sy-slide > a {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    display: block;
    width: 100%; }
    .sy-slide > a > img {
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 0;
      display: block;
      border: 0;
      width: 100%; }




/* next/ prev buttons, with arrows and clickable area a lot larger than the visible buttons */
.sy-controls {
  display: none;
  list-style: none;
  height: 100%;
  width: 100%;
  position: absolute;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0; }
  .sy-controls li {
    position: absolute;
    width: 10%;
    min-width: 4.2em;
    height: 100%;
    z-index: 33; }
    .sy-controls li.sy-prev {
      left: 0;
      top: 0; }
      .sy-controls li.sy-prev a:after {
        background-position: -5% 0; }
    .sy-controls li.sy-next {
      right: 0;
      top: 0; }
      .sy-controls li.sy-next a:after {
        background-position: 105% 0; }
    .sy-controls li a {
      position: relative;
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      display: block;
      text-indent: -9999px; }
      .sy-controls li a:link, .sy-controls li a:visited {
        opacity: 0.4; }
      .sy-controls li a:hover, .sy-controls li a:focus {
        opacity: 0.8;
        outline: none; }
      .sy-controls li a:after {
        content: "";
        background-image: url("/assets/images/arrows.png");
        background-repeat: no-repeat;
        -moz-background-size: cover;
        -o-background-size: cover;
        -webkit-background-size: cover;
        background-size: cover;
        text-align: center;
        text-indent: 0;
        list-style: none;
        line-height: 2.8em;
        color: #111;
        font-weight: 800;
        position: absolute;
        background-color: #fff;
        width: 2.5em;
        height: 2.5em;
        left: 50%;
        top: 50%;
        margin-top: -1.4em;
        margin-left: -1.4em;
        -moz-border-radius: 50%;
        -webkit-border-radius: 50%;
        border-radius: 50%; }
  @media only screen and (max-device-width: 600px) {
    .sy-controls {
      display: block; }
      .sy-controls li {
        min-width: 2.1em; }
        .sy-controls li a:after {
          width: 1.4em;
          height: 1.4em;
          margin-top: -0.7em;
          margin-left: -0.7em; } }

/* captions, styled fo the overlay variant */
.sy-caption-wrap {
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 2em;
  z-index: 12;
  left: 50%; }
  .sy-caption-wrap .sy-caption {
    position: relative;
    left: -50%;
    background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.54);
    color: #fff;
    padding: 0.4em 1em;
    -moz-border-radius: 1.2em;
    -webkit-border-radius: 1.2em;
    border-radius: 1.2em; }
    .sy-caption-wrap .sy-caption a:link, .sy-caption-wrap .sy-caption a:visited {
      color: #e24b70;
      font-weight: 600;
      text-decoration: none; }
    .sy-caption-wrap .sy-caption a:hover, .sy-caption-wrap .sy-caption a:focus {
      text-decoration: underline; }
  @media only screen and (max-device-width: 600px), screen and (max-width: 600px) {
    .sy-caption-wrap {
      left: 0;
      bottom: 0.4em; }
      .sy-caption-wrap .sy-caption {
        left: 0;
        padding: 0.2em 0.4em;
        font-size: 0.92em;
        -moz-border-radius: 0;
        -webkit-border-radius: 0;
        border-radius: 0; } }

/* pager bubbles */
.sy-pager {
 display: none; }

/* element to "keep/ fill" the space of the content, gets intrinsic height via js */
.sy-filler {
  width: 100%; }
  .sy-filler.ready {
    -moz-transition: padding 600ms ease;
    -o-transition: padding 600ms ease;
    -webkit-transition: padding 600ms ease;
    transition: padding 600ms ease; }

.sy-slides-wrap ul li { 
	list-style: none !important; 
	background: 0 !important; 
	padding: 0 !important;
    	margin: 0 !important; }
	
/* Carousel */
.news-slider .text-content {
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
  padding: 0 2%;
  width: 25%;
  height: 100%;
  display: block;
}
.news-slider .text-content h2 {
  margin: 0;
  padding-top: 10px;
}
.news-slider .text-content p {
  margin: 0;
}
.news-slider .text-content a.button-link {
  padding: 0.25em 0.5em;
  position: absolute;
  bottom: 1em;
  right: 1em;
}


.news-slider .text-content {
	display: none; }


.news-slider .image-content {
  line-height: 0;
  text-align: center;
}



.news-slider .image-content img {
  max-width: 100%;
}
.news-slider .news-pager {
  display: none;
}

/* Sidebar Feed 8.2 */

#sidebar #divRss ul.feedEkList {
    width:210px;
    list-style:none outside none;
    background-color:#FFFFFF;
    border:1px solid #D3CAD7;
    padding:4px 6px; color:#3E3E3E; }
    
#sidebar #divRss ul.feedEkList li {
    margin-left: 0;;
    border-bottom:1px solid #D3CAD7;
    padding:5px; }
    
#sidebar #divRss ul.feedEkList li:last-child {
    border-bottom:none; }
    
#sidebar #divRss ul.feedEkList .itemTitle a {
    margin-left: 0;
    font-weight:bold;
    color: #;
    text-decoration:none; } 

#sidebar #divRss ul.feedEkList li .itemContent {
    color: #000; }
    
#sidebar #divRss ul.feedEkList .itemTitle a:hover { 
    text-decoration:underline;
    background: 0; }
    
#sidebar #divRss ul.feedEkList .itemDate {
    font-size:11px;
    color:#aaa;
    margin-left:0px; }
    
#sidebar #divRss ul.feedEkList .itemContent p {
    line-height: 1.2;
    margin-top: 5px;
    margin-left: 0; }
    
#sidebar #divRss { 
    margin-left: 8px;
    width: 220px; }
    
#sidebar #divRss ul.feedEkList {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 10px 0;
    width: 220px; }

/* PlumX */

#beta_7-3 * {
    text-align: left; } 

body#geo-series #beta_7-3,
body#gallery #beta_7-3 {
    background: transparent;
    width: 169px;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0; } 
        
#beta_7-3 .aside {
    box-shadow: none !important;
    border-radius: 0 !important;
    padding: 10px 0 !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    max-width: 160px !important;
    margin-top: 10px !important; 
    font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serf; 
    border: 0; }
    
#beta_7-3 .aside p { 
    margin-bottom: 0; }

#beta_7-3 pull-left {
    width: 100%; }

#main.text #ir-book #beta_7-3 #buy-link {
    border: 0 !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
    padding: 0 !important;
    margin: 0 !important; }

#beta_7-3 h4,
#beta_7-3 h3,
#beta_7-3 .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge>a {
    text-align: left !important;
    font-size: 12px !important;
    font-weight: bold !important;
    text-transform: uppercase !important;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd !important;
    margin-bottom: 5px !important;
    padding-bottom: 5px !important; 
    margin-top: 0 !important;
    color: #333 !important; }

#beta_7-3 #article-stats.aside {
    border: 1px solid #ddd !important;
    padding: 10px !important;
    max-width: 140px !important; }

#beta_7-3 #article-stats.aside h4 {
    background-image: none !important;
    display: inline-block;
    width: 100%;
    padding-left: 0; }
        
#beta_7-3 .PlumX-Popup {
    float: left; }

#beta_7-3 .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge>a {
    border: 0 !important; }

#main.text #ir-book #file-list {
    border-radius: 0; }
    
#main.text #beta_7-3 a.btn {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 140px !important;
    margin: 0;
    display: inline-block;
    float: right;
    font-weight: bold;
    text-align: center;
    text-decoration: none;
    text-shadow: none !important;
    background-image: none !important;
    background: #fff !important;
    border-radius: 0 !important;
    box-shadow: none !important;
    border: 1px solid #0074cc !important;
    font-weight: normal;
    font-size: 16px;
    padding: 10px;
    color: #0074cc !important;
    background: #fff !important;
    border: 1px solid #0074cc !important; }

#main.text #beta_7-3 .aside.download-button a.btn,
#main.text #ir-book #file-list a.btn,
#main.text #ir-book #full-text a.btn {
    width: 100%;
    max-width: 140px !important;
    margin: 0;
    display: inline-block;
    float: right;
    font-weight: bold;
    text-align: center; 
    text-decoration: none;
    text-shadow: none !important;
    background-image: none !important;
    background: #fff !important;
    border-radius: 0 !important;
    box-shadow: none !important;
    border: 1px solid #0074cc !important;
    font-weight: normal;
    font-size: 16px;
    padding: 10px;
    color: #fff !important;
    background: #0074cc !important; }

#main.text #beta_7-3 a.btn:active, #main.text #beta_7-3 a.btn:hover {
    text-decoration: underline !important;
    font-weight: normal !important; }

#main.text #ir-book #file-list .files a.btn.btn-small,
#ir-book #beta_7-3 #buy-link a#buy-book,
#gallery #beta_7-3 a#img-med.btn,
#gallery #beta_7-3 a#img-thumb.btn {
    background: #fff !important;
    color: #0074cc !important;
    clear: both;
    margin-bottom: 4px; }

#ir-book #beta_7-3 #buy-link a#buy-book {
    float: none !important;
    margin-bottom: 10px; }

#main.text #ir-book #alpha .element .files p
#main.text #ir-book #full-text p,
#main.text #ir-book #alpha .element #full-text p {
    line-height: 32px; }

#main.text #ir-book #alpha .element .files p {
    margin-right: 6px;
    padding-top: 0; 
    line-height: 32px; 
    margin: 2px 6px 4px 0; }

body#gallery #main.text #beta_7-3 a.btn {
    margin: 4px 0; }
 
#beta_7-3 span#article-downloads {
    font-size: 15px;
    font-weight: bold;
    text-align: center;
    color: #333; }
  
#beta_7-3 .ppp-pop ul li  {
    background: 0 !important; } 
    
#beta_7-3 p.article-downloads-wrapper {
    margin-bottom: 4px;
    text-align: center !important;
    font-size: 14px;
    font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;
    color: #666;
    font-weight: normal; }

#beta_7-3 .ppp-container.ppp-small.ppp-badge {
    margin-top: 4px;
}

#beta_7-3 span.article-downloads-text {
    padding-left: 4px !important;
    font-size: 12px;  }


#beta_7-3 #article-stats.aside p.article-stats-date { 
    font-style: normal;
    margin-top: 0;
    font-size: 11px;
    color: #666; }
        
#beta_7-3 #article-stats.aside p.article-stats-date.plum-border {
    padding-bottom: 4px;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
    margin-bottom: 5px !important; }

#beta_7-3 p#article-plum-info {
    float: left;
    line-height: 1.4em;
    margin-top: 5px;
    margin-bottom: 0;
    font-size: 11px; }
    
#beta_7-3 p.article-plum-info a {
    text-decoration: none !important;
    color: #333 !important; }
    
#beta_7-3 #plumx-view-more {
    float: left;
    padding: 4px;
    font-size: 11px;
    color: #666; }
        
#beta_7-3 #plumx-view-more p a {
    text-decoration: none !important;
    color: #666 !important; }
    
#beta_7-3 #plumx-view-more #article-plum-info-wrapper {
    display: none; }
    
#beta_7-3 #plumx-view-more:hover > #article-plum-info-wrapper {
    display: block; }

#beta_7-3 .aside.download-button {
    border: 0 !important;
    padding-right: 0 !important;
    margin-top: 0 !important;
    padding-top: 5px !important; }

#beta_7-3 .g-map #map {
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    height: 140px;
    margin: 16px 0;
    padding: 0;
    width: 99%;
    margin-bottom: 4px; }

/* PlumX Mobile */

.mbl #main #breadcrumb {
    margin-top: 20%; }

.mbl #main #ir-book #breadcrumb {
    margin-top: 0; }
 
.mbl #main #beta_7-3 {
    float: none !important;
    width: 94% !important;
    padding: 0 !important; }

.mbl #gallery #main #beta_7-3 {
    padding: 0 !important; }
    
.mbl #beta_7-3 #beta-disciplines.aside,
.mbl #beta_7-3 .altmetric-embed,
.mbl #beta_7-3 #share.aside,
.mbl #beta_7-3 #article-stats.aside,
.mbl #main #beta_7-3 .aside {
    border-top: 1px solid #ddd !important;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd !important;
    border-left: none !important;
    border-right: none !important;
    box-shadow: none !important;
    border-radius: 0 !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    max-width: 96% !important;
    margin-top: 10px !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    padding: 10px !important;
    float: left !important; } 
    
.mbl #main #beta_7-3 #article-stats.aside {
    max-width: 100% !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    margin: 0 !important;
    padding: 0 !important;
    margin-bottom: 20px !important; }
    
.mbl #beta_7-3 p.article-downloads-wrapper {
    margin-top: 10px !important; }
    
.mbl #beta_7-3 #article-stats.aside p.article-stats-date {
    padding-bottom: 10px !important; }  
    
.mbl #main #beta_7-3 .aside.download-button {
    width: 96% !important;
    max-width: 96% !important;
    float: none !important;
    margin: 0 !important;
    padding: 2% !important;  }

.mbl #main #beta_7-3 .aside.download-button a.btn {     
    width: 100% !important;
    max-width: 99% !important;
    float: none !important;
    padding: 0 !important;
    margin: 0 !important;
    color: #fff !important;
    background: #0074cc !important; }

.mbl #main.text #ir-book #full-text {
    margin-left: 0; }

.mbl #main.text #ir-book #file-list {
    width: 100%; }

.mbl #main.text #ir-book #file-list p {
   padding-bottom: 10px;
   padding-left: 15px; }

.mbl #main.text #ir-book #file-list a.btn,
.mbl #main.text #ir-book #full-text a.btn {
    max-width: 100px !important; }

.mbl .PlumX-Popup {
    width: 100% !important; }
    
.mbl #beta_7-3 .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge>a {
    padding-left: 4% !important; }

body.mbl #beta_7-3 .ppp-pop.ppp-pop-left { display: block !important; }

.mbl #beta_7-3 .ppp-branding {
    display: none; }
    
.mbl #beta_7-3 .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-small {
    position: relative !important;
    display: inline-block !important;; }
        
.mbl #beta_7-3 .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge.ppp-small .ppp-pop-left {
    border: 0 !important;
    position: relative !important; 
    top: unset !important;
    right: unset !important; 
    left: unset !important;
    box-shadow: none !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
    width: 100% !important;
    display: inline-block !important;  }
        
.mbl #beta_7-3 .PlumX-Popup .ppp-container.ppp-badge {
    border: 0 !important;
    vertical-align: unset !important;
    max-width: 100% !important;
    width: 100% !important; }

.mbl #beta_7-3 .ppp-pop-left:after, .ppp-pop-shadow-left:after, 
.mbl #beta_7-3 .ppp-pop:after, .ppp-pop-shadow:after,
.mbl #beta_7-3 .ppp-pop-left:before, .ppp-pop-shadow-left:before {
    display: none !important; }
    
.mbl #beta_7-3 #beta-disciplines.aside,
.mbl #main #beta_7-3 .aside {
    border-top: 0 !important;
    border-bottom: 0 !important;
    margin: 0 !important; }
    
.mbl #main #beta_7-3 .aside#beta-disciplines h4,
.mbl #main #beta_7-3 .aside h4 {
    width: 100% !important; }